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"People ask me how I do research for my science fiction. The answer is, I never do any research. I just enjoy reading the stuff, and some of it sticks in my mind and fits into the stories."
- Frederik Pohl

Artificial Muscles  
  Replacement for organic muscle tissue.  

This is a very early use of this term; as far as I know, the earliest mentions of this phrase occur in engineering literature no earlier than 1972.

The artificial muscles.. which in this case are silastic and vitallium pulleys, then contract, twist, and tighten.

Your arm should have on the order of ten times the gripping and handling strength you once had.

Technovelgy from Cyborg, by Martin Caidin.
Published by Random House in 1972
Additional resources -

Compare with the 'sham musculature' from HG Wells' 1898 novel The War of the Worlds and the Joeboy muscle grafts from Neuromancer (1984) by William Gibson.

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Additional resources:
  More Ideas and Technology from Cyborg
  More Ideas and Technology by Martin Caidin
  Tech news articles related to Cyborg
  Tech news articles related to works by Martin Caidin

Artificial Muscles-related news articles:
  - Methanol-Powered Robot Muscles - Bend It Like Bender
  - Fuel Powered Muscles For Robots
  - Artificial Muscles Power A Motor
  - Artificial Muscles Made From Carbon Nanotube Yarn
  - 3D Printed Artificial Muscles Are Stronger Than Yours
  - Soft Filaments Form Artificial Muscles

Articles related to Medical
ErythroMer Artificial Blood
MouthPad Supports Head And Tongue Tracking
Drug Induces Hibernation-Like State In Humans
Drug To Regenerate Teeth In Humans

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