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"I started writing in the 1930's when I was eighteen years old. And deep inside me I'm still eighteen and it's still 1938."
- Isaac Asimov

Intelligent Micro-Life  
  Intelligent cells that can act within the body, made from inorganic materials.  

As far as I know, the first use of this idea in science fiction.

“Most of our industry and science has been based on the study of life, bio-chemistry. Within recent years, we. have learned to synthesize life-forms from inorganic elements; we make living cells, and design them for certain functions. Gradually we have developed many different types of synthetic life-forms that supply us with food, and do our work.

“But by theoretical calculations it has been shown that the greatest triumph of all, intelligent micro-life, can be produced in only one way; we know the needed combination of- elements, of amino acids and carbohydrates. Many times we have gathered these things and put them together in the proper way, but the stimulating spark has not appeared. We lack the one thing which will start that life working.

“The lower forms of life we have used have been stirred from inorganic immobility to life by the flashing of the rays of radium. To procure more intelligent forms, even more powerful rays are needed, and some of our best results have been attained by the aid of immense X-ray tubes operating at nearly ten million volts. But to create the ultimate ideal, intelligent, obedient, microscopic life, we must have rays emanating from a fifteen billion volt source! Rays of a particular type...

“We need it," Starn Druth explained softly, “because with intelligent, obedient life-forms of microscopic size, we can become immortal.”

Penton started. “Immortality — how?”

“By directing those life-forms to make the repairs our bodies need, by ordering them to destroy malignant growths, by injecting billions of obedient defenders when infection threatens. Our bodies naturally have certain forms of defending cells, but they act instinctively. Malignant tumors— cancer — they do not attack, because that is a growth of the body they defend. No instinct warns them. We cannot summon them to the attack when infection begins but must wait until their sluggish instinct at last warns them. With the synthetic life we know how to make, we can guarantee ourselves immunity to all disease, injury, or senile decline.”

Technovelgy from The Immortality Seekers, by John W. Campbell.
Published by Thrilling Wonder Stories in 1937
Additional resources -

Compare to synthetic life from Synthetic (1930) by Charles Cloukey and the intellectual cell from Blood Music (1984) by Greg Bear.

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Additional resources:
  More Ideas and Technology from The Immortality Seekers
  More Ideas and Technology by John W. Campbell
  Tech news articles related to The Immortality Seekers
  Tech news articles related to works by John W. Campbell

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Biological War: A Scenario
What'll You Have? Extinct Animals Returned, Or Synthetic Eggshells?
Black Fungus Blocks Radiation

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