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"I was involved in a cloning project. .. to send me into outer space along with a lot of other people. Not the whole me - just a hair from my head, while I still had some. I would thus pop up in another galaxy in the distant future."
- Arthur C. Clarke

Positronic Brain  
  A computer CPU with the capacity to rival a human brain.  

This is the first reference to the phrase "positronic brain", if not the first use of the word "positronic", in science fiction (see below).

By exact count, there are seventy-five thousand, two hundred and thirty-four operations necessary for the manufacture of a single positronic brain.
Technovelgy from Reason, by Isaac Asimov.
Published by Astounding Science Fiction in 1941
Additional resources -

Here's another quote:

He handled it gingerly, for it was the most complicated mechanism ever created by man. Inside the thin platinum-plated “skin” of the globe was a positronic brain, in whose delicately unstable structure were inforced [sic] calculated neuronic paths, which imbued each robot with what amounted to a pre-natal education.

It fitted snugly into the cavity in the skull of the robot on the table...


(The Positronic Brain from 'Reason' by Isaac Asimov)

All that had been done in the mid 20th century on "calculating machines" had been upset by Robertson and his positronic brain paths. The miles of relays and photocells had given way to the spongy globe of platinum iridium about the size of the human brain.

The word "positronic" was used by itself in Trail of the Comet, a 1936 story by James Blish:

The Planeteer brought out a heavy hammer and applied it diligently to the slats of the crate. "Positronic - uh - secondary screen -" he replied, between mighty tugs.

Compare to the Laminated Mouse Brain Computer from Think Blue, Count Two (1962) by Cordwainer Smith, the neuristor from The Moon is a Harsh Mistress (1966) by Robert Heinlein, the artificial brain from The Metal Giants (1926) by Edmond Hamilton, the synthetic brain from Mad Robot (1936) by Raymond Z. Gallun and the Thorsen memory tube from The Door Into Summer (1956) by Robert Heinlein.

Thanks to Alex Mair for contributing this item.

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Additional resources:
  More Ideas and Technology from Reason
  More Ideas and Technology by Isaac Asimov
  Tech news articles related to Reason
  Tech news articles related to works by Isaac Asimov

Positronic Brain-related news articles:
  - Brain Chip Hardware Neurons And Synapses
  - First Transistor That Mimics Brain Synapse
  - Carbon Nanotube Synapse Circuit Like Human Neuron
  - Human-like Brain For Robots?
  - IBM's Neurosynaptic Computing Chips
  - Neuromorphic Computer Offers Non-von Neumann Architecture
  - Can An Entire Brain Be Simulated In A Computer?

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