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"Science fiction operates a little bit like science itself, in principle. You've got thousands of people exploring ideas, putting forth their own hypotheses. Most of them are dead wrong; a few stand the test of time; everything looks kind of quaint in hind"
- Peter Watts

Computronium  
  Intelligent matter; nanocomputing processors masquerading as ordinary material.  

"NASA are idiots. They want to send canned meat to Mars!" Manfred swallows a mouthful of beer, aggressively plonks his glass on the table. "Mars is just dumb mass at the bottom of a gravity well; there isn't even a biosphere there. They should be working on uploading and solving the nanoassembly conformational problem instead. Then we could turn all the available dumb matter into computronium and use it for processing our thoughts. Long-term, it's the only way to go. The solar system is a dead loss right now - dumb all over! Just measure the MIPS per milligram. If it isn't thinking, it isn't working.
Technovelgy from Accelerando, by Charles Stross.
Published by Ace in 2005
Additional resources -

From Router, one of the original stories:

The hazy shells of computronium that ring the sun—concentric clouds of orbiting nanocomputers, powered by sunlight, like the packed layers of a matrioshka doll—are still immature, holding barely a thousandth of the physical planetary mass of the system, but they already support a classical computational density of 10^42 MIPS; enough to support a billion civilizations as complex as the one that existed immediately before the great disassembly.

See also the opposite - dumb matter.

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Additional resources:
  More Ideas and Technology from Accelerando
  More Ideas and Technology by Charles Stross
  Tech news articles related to Accelerando
  Tech news articles related to works by Charles Stross

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